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***** Popular Gifts and Multi-Language Mugs ***** Main Subjects: Art Bible Bible Gifts Birds Butterflies Books Cats China Chinese - Learn Chinese Cinema Cooking Countries Cosmetology Dance Education English NOW! English Songs English as 2nd Language Families Flight & Space France French French Proverbs French Verb Mugs!! Gifts Health Hebrew Historical Events Holocaust Horses iPhone Apps Dev Iraq Ireland Israel Italian Italian Proverbs Italian Proverb Mugs Italy Japan Japanese Java_xxxx Jewish, Judaism Journalism Law Literature Love Poems Musicology Mythology Nature New York People Philosophy Photography Poetry Professions Psychology Russian Proverb Mugs Seichim Serendipity Spain Weather (1) The Valentine Shop: |
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X Y Z L- Estee Lauder D.H. Lawrence T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) Carl Lewis Carl Lewis Carl Lewis Louis, Mary and Richard Leakey Mary Leakey Richard Leakey William Leavitt V. I. Lenin Lenin John Lennon Lotte Lenya Daniel Libeskind Annie Liebowitz (Photographer) Charles Lindbergh Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln(2) Abraham Lincoln(3) Abraham & Mary Lincoln Mary Todd Lincoln Charles Lindbergh Lucky Luciano M- Ernst Mach - 19th century and the Austrian physicist and philosopher inspiring the current Gravity experiment, declared that all motion was relative, and speculated that this the inertia of any given object in the universe would therefore be determined by its relation to everything else in the universe Albertus Magnus (1200-1280) - St. Albert - patron saint of natural sciences - established nature as a legitimate science within the Catholic church. Nelson Mandela Ehud Manor On the morning that it was announced that Ehud Manor had died, my best friend called me with asking if I had listened to the news. This is the type of opening to a conversation that we are used to hearing when some great tragedy has taken many lives. I braced myself and asked what had happened. She told me that Ehud Manor had died. Of course, we had heard his songs together ever since we have known each other, and in fact, many of the songs that embodied Israel for me, even before my aliya, were his. Ehud Manor wrote more than a thousand songs, and each one a gem. He translated plays and musicals, nurtured the careers of musicians, singers, actors, lyricists and composers. He had a big heart, taking care to find love in it even for those that he didn't love. As was said of him in a recent interview on a program with a religious orientation, Ehud's religion was his family. In every role that family has come to mean, Ehud was completely there - son, brother, husband and father. And in Israel this week, millions of people feel they lost a family member, a family member who has left us with a rich inheritance of goodness, values, an excellent role model for being a human being (a mensch) and more than a thousand songs. Ehud Manor (Haaretz);;;;Ehud Manor (Jerusalem Post);;;Ehud Manor (Jafi);;;;Ehud Manor ;;;;Ehud Manor (Ariel Sharon's remarks) Princess Margaret George C. Marshall When asked to what party did he belong: "My mother was a Republican; my father was a Democrat; and I'm an Episcopalian". George C. Marshall, Soldier-Statesman Thurgood Marshall (Supreme Court Justice) Louis Mayer Ernst Mayr (1905-2005) An unsolved mystery in Darwin's master work, On the Origin of Species, was how and why do species originate? Darwin and his later followers were faced with a seeming paradox. They described evolution as a continuous, gradual change over time, but species are distinct from each other, suggesting that some process has created a discontinuity, or gap, between them. With Theodosius Dobzhansky, George Gaylord Simpson, and others, Mayr achieved the "modern synthesis" that integrated the heredity theory of Mendel with Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection. See also Wikipedia, and Edge. . Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560) - German author of the Confession of Augsburg of the Lutheran Church (1530), humanist, Reformer, theologian, educator, friend and defender of Martin Luther. Andrew Mellon (Industrialist) Charles Merrill Klemens Furst von Metternich (1773 - 1859) - champion of conservative principles, brought about victorious alliance against Napolean, tood a leading role in the Congress of Vienna and brought Austria to the forefront of European powers. Michaelangelo Buonorotti (1475- 1564) was well-recognized in his lifetime for his paintings, architecture and drawings. His poetry appears in 1623 and now appear in all recent Italian anthologies. Although Michaelangelo wanted to be left alone to work, his ties with his father and brothers, and his pride in his family background was very strong. Michaelangelo's last words as the last rites were being administered were "I regret that I have not done enough for the salvation of my soul and that I die just as I am beginning to learn theh alphabet of my profession". Albert Abraham Michelson (1852- 1931) received the first Nobel Prize for science awared to an American. He is best known for his determination of the speed of light and the Mcelson-Morley studies concerning the Earth's motion in relation to surrounding space, an important contribution to Einstein's theory of relativity. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969) - Architect (see intelli-mation architecture) Mi Fei (1051-1107) Chinese Calligraphy & Landscape Artist (Sung Dynasty). Of an official family and raised in the Imperial Palace, Mi Fei had a varied career (academic and official) and wrote poetry, other literary works and volumes on various aspects of art. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) British Philosopher, Economist, Publicist. Miltiades (544 B.C. - 489 B.C.) - Athenian, led the Greeks to victory over the Persians at Marathon. Miltiades worked hard to get the consensus of the other Athenian generals for a surprise attack on Marathon before the Persians could wreak havoc with their cavalry on the open plains. The Persian loses at Marathon were 6400 men and 7 ships vs. 192 Athenians. The surviving Persians fled by sea. In the following year Miltiades probably died from gangrene suffered in a mishap. It was probably only his illness that spared him the death penalty for misadventures in trying to conquer islands that had sided with Persia. See Herodotus' account of the battle of Marathon.. John Milton (1608-1674) Standing in importance with Shakespeare in English poetry and drama, John Milton had an important influence on the history of English literature, culture and thought. Much of his literary work is dedicated to themses such as the conflict between good and evil. His best known poem is the epic Paradise Lost. (See Paradise Lost - Book I, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes, Comus ) Lycidas is considered one of the greatest short poems in the English language. Minamoto Yoritomo (1147- 1199) - Founded the shogunate and a line of shoguns that ruled Japan for 700 years. Comte de Mirabeau (1749 - 1791) - A great orator and political thinker of the National Assembly that ruled France in the first stages of the French Revolution. He was an advocate of moderation and constitutional monarchy. Joan Miro (1893-1983) - Only after a nervous breakdown at the age of 18 was Joan Miro allowed to start his art studies. (See http://www.bcn.fjmiro.es/, click on English and then click on works), a collection of images, See also Miro through google image search, Self Portrait (1919) The Farm (1921-22), Carnival of Harlequin (1924-25), Dog Barking at the Moon (1926), Dutch Interior (1928), Woman in the Night (1940), The Red Disc in Pursuit of the Lark (1953), Blue II (1961), Personage [throwing stone at] [and] Bird (1965), The Ski Lesson (1966), Red Accent in the Quiet (1968), Mural for the Labyrinthe (1968) Amedeo Modigliani 1884 - 1920 - Jewish Italian painter, who, in his short career, painted more than 350 paintings, many of nude women, in a style that bears his indelible and very recognizable mark. Modigliani is also known for his stone sculptures and his drawings. From 1914 to 1916 Modigliani was involved with the English poetess Beatrice Hastings. His most famous model and lover was Jeanne Hebuterne, who was a painter herself. Their love affair (1917-1920) had a tragic ending when Modgiliani died after a 10 day critical illness and Jean took her own life the day after Amedeo died. See Beatrice Hastings on Modigliani. Moliere 1622-1673 - One of the greatest of all French writiers. Theodor Mommsen His "History of Rome" made him the most popular of all German scholars of his time and afforded him a worldwide reputation. Theodor Mommsen is also a Nobel Laureate. Piet Mondrian (1872-1944) Dutch painter and leader of the abstract art movement. His nonobjective painting included horizontal and vertical lines, non-colors and three basic colors. It is reflected in architecture, advertising art and typography, upon which it was very influential. See examples of Piet Mondrian's paintings Claude Monet (1840-1926) French Impressionist painter. In fact, ten years after the impressionism movement began, it was Monet's work called "Impression: Sunrise" that gave the movement it's name. See also Claude Monet's paintings Gaspard Monge - 1746-1818 French mathematician established techniques of descriptive geometry and was active in the early development of analytical geometry and was one of the founders of the Ecole Polytechnique during the French Revolution. Monge also lectured there and the Ecole used his textbooks. Monge's work was imortant to the advancement of mathematics at the beginning of the 19th Century. From 1814, due to his association with Napoleon, Monge was deprived of any honors he had acquired and was not included in the list of members of the institute he had helped to establish. Gaspard Monge Portraits James Monroe (1758-1831) - Fifth president of the United States (terms beginning in 1816 and 1820) and one of the two main formulators of what was almost 30 years after it's enunciation to Congress and 20 years after his death to be known as the Monroe Doctrine. The principles of which were: 1) that European powers would not further colonize the western hemisphere; 2) that the United States would not interfere in European political affairs; and 3) that European governments would not interfere with the governments of the western hemisphere. Although much of the certain portions of the doctrine were common to all the founding fathers and the noncolonialization principle was basic to the lifelong principles and enunciations of John Quincy Adams, the secretary of state, it was Monroe's ideas to proclaim the principles to the world through his including them in his address to Congress. For this reason historians feel it appropriate that the doctrine be called after James Monroe, the Monroe Doctrine. Other events during Monroe's presidential administrations, a time which came to be known as the "era of good feeling", included the Seminole War, the acquisition of the Floridas (East and West) from Spain, and the Missouri Compromise. Prior to his becoming president, Monroe had been a representative in the House of Delegates of the state of Virginia, a member of the governor's council, a member of Congress, a U.S. senator and minister to France and later to England, governor of Virginia, Secretary of State and Secretary of War. Together with Robert Livingston, he negotiated the Louisiana Purchase, taking the initiative to buying the whole territory (when offered) although he had been commissioned to purchase only a small, commercially strategic area around the mouth of the Mississippi River (including the island of New Orleans). With Charles Pinckey, ambassador to Spain, Monroe negotiated with Spain for the purchase of East and West Florida. See timeline of the life of James Monroe Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) -French creator of the Essay to work out and express his views regarding himself and the world around him. He was a proponent of religious tolerance. His mother's family had recently been converted to Catholicism (from Judaism). Montaigne was not enthusiastic about his vocation (law) or work, but had a very meaningful, deeply platonic friendship with a devout Catholic colleague for four (or possibly six) years before the latter's death. It is sometimes thought that it was the loss of this platonic friendship that led Montaigne to create the essay, to fill the void left by the absence of this friendship and its discussions. Montaigne's was elected mayor of Bordeaux and served in that office for two terms. He was involved in many "diplomatic" and negotiating missions, often distrusted by both sides of the issues due to his open-mindedness. The work on the essays was an underlying theme and stabilizer of his life, the activity that was a constant through years of turmoil in the outside world. See essays of 1571 Essays Books I, II, III. Montesquieu - French liberal political philosopher and satirist, author of "L'esprit des Lois". Claudio Monteverdi (1567- 1643) - Music Must Move The Whole Man and to do so must be joined by words. Simon de Montfort - led baronial revolt against Henry III - advocated limited monarchy which would rule through elected councillors and responsible officials. See contemporary account of the rebellion, BBC account of Revolt of 1264, and Wikipedia biography Jacques-Etienne and Joseph-Michel Montgolfier - invented the hot air-balloon and experimented with hydrogen-filled balloons, contributing to the later exploration of the upper atmosphere. Henry Moore- (1898 - 1986)British 20th Century Humanist Sculptor. During World War II Henry Moore drew "shelter drawings" depicting Londoners during the air-raids, sleeping underground. Sir Thomas More - (1477-1535) - martyred for refusing to accept the Act of Supremacy establishing the king as the supreme head of the Church of England. (See also William Roper's account of the Life of Sir Thomas More, his father-in-law) Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) - Established the chromosome theory of heredity through his experimental work with the fruit fly. William Morris (1834 - 1896)- Esteemed as a designer and craftsman, his contribution was aslo as a social and moral critic who believed in a society based on equality. (See also Online exhibition) Samuel F. B. Morse (1791-1872) Painter and inventor of the electric telegraph. Morse established the Journal of Commerce and the National Academy of Design. By 1835 Morse probably had a working model of the Electric Telegraphy and by 1838 the Morse code of dots and dashes was established. With financial help from the Federal Government, the first telegraph line was in the U.S. was established from Baltimore to Washington. The first message was "What hath God wrouht!". In his later life, Samuel Morse became a philanthropist, benefitting, among others, Yale, Vassar (of which he was a founder), religious interests and poor artists. (Visit the Morse Estate, Locust Grove, Poughkeepsie, NY) Moses - 13th Century BCE Hebrew leader and founder of the religious community known as Israel when the ten commandments were announced at Mount Sinai. Moses is generally believed to have written at least part of the first five books of the bible. He was God's instrument in bringing the Hebrews out of Egypt, and was their prophet, leader, mediator of the convenant, lawmaker and priest who interceded with God on behalf of his sinning brethern. Mo-tsu - A Chinese philosopher and founder what is now called Mo-tsu, Mo-tsu was a contemporary of Socrates, and was born after the death of Confuscius. Mo-tsu inisted on methodology and standards of judgement. These standards are summarized as the threefold test and the fourfold standard. "Moism" may have been neglected over many centuries because its teachings are very demanding. However, in the 20th century, there has been a renewed interest and a reappraisal. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - (1756 - 1791) - Central figure of the Vienesse classical school, Mozart is considered by many to be one of the 4 greatest opera composers and the greatest musical genius of all time. (See related sites: http://www.mozartproject.org/, http://w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de/cmp/mozart.html) Muhammed - Founder of Islam (570-632). Muhammed's life (orphaned, having no inheritance, etc.) caused him to be reflective in nature. Sometimes he would isolate himself and reflect upon the current situation of the city, which also reflected his own difficult beginnings. During one such session the angel Gabriel came to Muhammed announcing to him that he was a prophet. The revelations that Muhammed received from that time to his death were collected and written into the Koran, the Islamic holy scriptures. Muhammed consulted about the revelations with his wife's Christian cousin and concluded that most of the revelations were in line with the Jewish and Christian religious teachings. He felt obliged to discuss his revelations with fellow Arabs as he felt that, being a proclaimed prophet, this was his mission. The name of the religion, Islam, means "submitting to God" and the word muslim means "one who submits to God". Muhammed Ali Pasha - (1769-1849)Founded the dynasty that ruled Egypt during the 19th and 20th centuries, forerunning the modern state of Egypt. Muhammad ibn Tughluq (1290-1351)- extender of the Delhi sultanate, the main Muslim kingdom of Northern India, that also lost hegemony over the south due to bad administrative practices and inhuman cruelty towards opponents. Hermann Joseph Muller (1890-1967) - Nobel laureate, a founder of genetics - promulgating the gene as the basis of life, demonstrated that x-rays produce mutations and advocated free choice from sperm banks for artificial insemination. Muller also introduced the fruit fly as a tool in experimental genetics. Muller believed in the necessity of guiding human evolution. Muller also wrote "The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity". Muller spent time working in the Soviet union. Muller also fought the false doctriness of T.D. Lysenko (USSR) and strode to make the public aware of the dangers of nuclear war and radiation to future generations. Johannes Peter Mueller - (1801-1858) was a very respected natural philospher of the 19th century. His output was enormous and had a great impact on the classification of animals including protozoan marine life, fish, and singing birds (by vocal organs). Nevertheless, he probably suffered from Manic-Depressiveness illness and is thought by some to have taken his own life. Elijah Muhammad Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini Mussolini was the first European fascist and he was the dictator of Italy for more than 20 years. His father squandered his journalist/blacksmith earnings on the political gatherings at the local pub and on his mistress while his wife and three children lived in relative poverty. Perhaps this is the reason that Mussolini was a very difficult child, being expelled from schools several times for "armed attacks" (with penknives) on fellow students and violence against teachers. Mussolini was intelligent, read widely, worked in a range of manual jobs and teaching, and was eventually able to influence the masses by his powers of writing and speech delivery. He suffered, however, from deep problems, probably a result of his childhood, which made him suspicious of other, deceitful, and pathologically egotistic. Mussolini was jealous of Hitler and did not want to join the war. Thinking, with the invasion of France that the war would be over soon, Italy joined the war in June, 1940. The rationale was that Italy would be able to sit at the peace table with the nearby conclusion of the war. Imprisoned by his own people from July 1943, after escaping his Italian imprisonment in the Abruzzi mountains, Mussolini tried to escape Italy in the guise of a German soldier in April 1945. He and his mistress were discovered and executed at Azzano on April 28 1945. (Source: Enclyclopedia Brittanica) Edvard Munch - (1863-1944) Scandanavian Painter and Printmaker and fore-runner of 20th century Expressionism. His art is marked by emotional power elicited by human conditions. Losing many of his closest relatives early to death, death and terminal illness were themes prominent in his thought and work throught his life. In his later work (after 1910) the joy of life and the positive aspects of nature are emphasized in Munch's work. Modest Mussorgsky - Mussorgsky, the son of a landowner, learned about Russian fairy tales from his nurse. He and his brother were taken to St. Petersburg at an early age to receive a military education but his musical side, and that of his brother, were not completely neglected. During his military career, Mussorgsky also always found himself among colleagues interested in music. Through these friendships Mussorgsky also met the Russian composer Alexander Dargomyzhsky and discovered the music of Mikhail Glinka. After the death of their father and the freeing of the serfs, the family fortune dwindled to non-existence. Modest devoted himself completely to music, with an emphasis on bringing the Russian past and the spirit of ordinary people into expression. However, he was deeply in debt. Boris Godunov is an opera of Mussorgsky's own libretto based on a story by Aleksandr Pushkin. Mussorgsky was long troubled by lack of love after losing the one person he loved romantically to premature death. (Source: Encyclopedia Brittanica) N- Vladimir Nabakov(804) Napoleon (Bonaparte) [Napoleon Guide] [academic website guide] [UK coverage of French Revolution ] Napoleon III - 1808-1873 - Charles-Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte was the nephew of Napoleon I, and emperor of France from 1852-1870. He led his country to defeat in the Franco-German War of 1870-1871. Fridtjof Nansen - Arctic Explorer, artist and statesman (1861-1930) John Napier (1550-1617) Scottish inventor of logarithms, improving scientific and mathematical calculations and notations. John Nash Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970) - was the first native Egyptian leader to rule Egypt in thousands of years. Although he led his country through two unsuccessful wars and failed in his goal to unite the Arab world, the charismatic personality of this army officer inspired support of the masses throughout the Arab world, making him a legend in his own time. Howard Nemerov 1920-1991 Nebuchadresser II - (prior to 630 BC to 562 BCE) - Second ruler of the Chaldean (Neo-Babylonian) Empire. He played an important role in Jewish history. Besides his military activity he is reknowned for the rebuilding of Babylon and the hanging gardens he built for his wife, a Median princess, homesick for the view of her native land. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) - The first prime minister of independent India. Lord Horatio Nelson (1758 - 1805) is famous for his navy commands during the wars Revolutionary War and the Napoleonic Wars. Howard Nemerov (1920-1991) American poet and novelist. Brother of photographer Diane Arbus. He was poet laureate of the United States (1988-90). See sample poem Nero (37-68?) Last of the Julio-Claudian line, Nero became emperor at the age of 17. He died in 68 and 69. There are various versions of the account of his death, which may have been suicide. Subsequent emperors tried to purify or erase his memory but thanks to certain historians and the Christian church, he is remembered as a cruel monster, persecutor of Christians and burner of Rome. The political and familial turmoil from which he sprung provide some explanation for a character that was unstable to the extreme. His famous relatives include his mother Agrippa, a great-granddaughter of Augustus, grand-uncle Claudius. Caligula, the emperor of Nero's youthful years, was also his uncle. Pablo Neruda (1904-1973) - The Chilean "poet of enslaved humanity", Nobel Laureate, communist, Chilean ambassador and statesman. See three poems. Also Nothing but Death, Love for This Book, From Book of Questions (III) Pier Luigi Nervi (1891- 1979) - Italian engineer-architect and master builder. Nestorius (4th Century-3rd Century AD) - Nestorius' parents were Persian. He was an early bishop of Constantinople and his beliefs about the nature and person of Christ led to the calling of the 3rd Ecumenical Council to Ephesus and clarifications and the creation of the separate Nestorian churches. John von Neuman (1903-1957) Hungarian born American contributed to quantum physics, logic, meterology, computing and defense. He developed the mathematical theory of games of strategy which had an impact on economics. Simon Newcomb (1835 - 1909) Canadian born American Astronomer Nicholas (letters of the Czar Nicholas) Pastor Martin Niemöller O- Annie Oakley Sadako Okata Kenzaburo Oe O. Henry (William Sydney Porter) Georgia O'Keefe Jesse Owens |
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